1. (MT) plz see the imformation which I had uploaded) Essay

1. (MT) plz see the imformation which I had uploaded) - Essay Example The theory does not explain why a person believes and opts for a certain action and how and what things influence these beliefs and motivates him to behave the way he does. On the other hand, the theory mentions clearly that characteristics of the choice situation will decide which individual beliefs become foremost and how different motivations influence in deciding his behaviour. The scope of theory does not, however, include the study of the procedure in which the individual examines the circumstances and his perception offsets his established beliefs (AMA, 2004). A prevalent brand community called â€Å"Club Ducati† initiated the trend. The passionate admirers of Ducati bikes make up this group. Ducati’s fans can avail membership of two different clubs: the main Ducati Owners Club (DOC) and individual Ducati Clubs. The DOC operates under the parent company and includes all bike owners; collection of customer data is its main function. The club doesn’t arrange for any particular social activities, but members can have only occasional discounts and other promotions for Ducati products (Cova et al, 2007). Yet, it is the customers who set up the Ducati Clubs locally all over the city. These types of clubs exist in most Italian provinces and are also seen in other parts of the world. In total, we have forty clubs in Italy and those outside Italy exceed 70. Moto GP, the international racing circuit relates plenty of success stories about the performance of Ducati bikes and the number of its owners has been on the increase since. In each Ducati club, the members usually range from forty to more than six hundred. The management is headed by a Club president, who leads a team of few friends willing to develop activities for the group members’ interests. Some of these activities include: meetings for motorcyclists, fundraising events, shows for charity, socializing

Auditor Ethical Standards and Auditing Strategies

Auditor Ethical Standards and Auditing Strategies Discuss the ethical standards required of auditors. The Auditing Practices Board (APB) has issued new standards governing the ethical conduct of auditors which commenced on 15 December, 2004 (Cosserat, 2004). The following lists the new Ethical Standards: Integrity, Objectivity and independence These new ethical standards also include the fact that client’s must also facilitate policies new standards is that auditors of a control environment appoint an ethics partner. This position entails the review of the firm’s procedures and policies which regard to compliance and as such it provides the associated guidance for partners. The new Standards recognize that for smaller audit firms it might not be practical for an ethics partner to be designated. The new Ethical Standards are a result of a number of international developments represented by either international organizations and or countries that have helped to bring about the changes to Standards. These are represented by the following: The United States legislation termed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act which lays down the independence requirements for auditors. In particular it addresses audit firms that audit SEC registrants or participant in significant parts of the foregoing. A report that is titled ‘Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting’, which is an international perspective that was developed as a result of the commissioning by the IFAC of an independent group to address the preceding, and As a result of the publishing of the ‘Principles of Auditor Independence’ which was put forth by the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The new Standards are what are termed ‘principles-based’ as opposed to ‘rules-based’. The preceding means that there are clear requirements as well as prohibitions. The key underpinning of this change provides for stricter compliance with the ‘spirit of intention’ and thus prevent the possibility of either a firm or person attempting to evade or avoid conformity with the rule. The effect of the foregoing helps to ensure compliance with ethical standards in that ‘intention’ covers a broader ethical parameter. In effect, one could avoid or evade breaking a rule, however the intent through either actions or the change in former action(s) could point to the definitive attempt to do so. This broader interpretation widens the scope of ethics and requires auditors to conduct their actions accordingly throughout the process. In a speech delivered by Douglas Carmichael at the AICPA National Conference on 12 December, 2003 (Carmichael, 2003) he sets forth the examples of ‘alleged’ audit failures of National Student Marketing in 1969, Penn Central in 1970 and Equity Funding in 1973 as instances whereby principle based auditing might have forestalled the problems. The foregoing is true of Enron’s collapse in 2001 and indicates that the broader scope or ethics afforded auditors under the principle based methodology provides better rules and guidance from which auditors can act. Financial, business, employment and personal relationships This segment of the new Standards addressed the varied relationships that can and do exist between clients and audit firms and their staff. This limits the nature of relationships and threats to the objectivity and independence of audits and prohibits those which the APB believes that no effective safeguards can be introduced. Long association with the audit engagement Associations of long duration poses potential threats, in particular with regard to those represented by publicly listed companies. Thus, the new Standards set forth the rotation of audit firm partners to introduce objectivity as well as independence. The new Standards sets that term as five (5) years as the continuous period limit as well as a break period of five (5) years for the rotation. Fees, economic dependence, remuneration and evaluation policies, litigation, gifts and hospitality. One important, and highly debated point is the requirement that no single client shall account for more than ten percent (10%) of an audit company’s annual fee. This figure is fifteen percent (15%) for non-publicly listed firms. Non-audit services provided to audit clients This segment of the new Standards identifies the general approach to non-audit services and applies general principles to various specific non-audit aspects such as: Internal audit services Accounting services Information technology services Valuation services Recruitment and remuneration services Corporate services, and Tax services Explain what is meant by the term Risk Based Auditing  and the advantages that accrue to the auditor in  utilizing a risk based Risk based auditing entails the providing of â€Å"†¦ independent assurances on the management of risks, and forming an opinion †¦ which sound controls have been implemented †¦ maintained to mitigate those significant risks †¦. Management has agreed upon† (Association of Chartered Accountants, 2002). Risk based auditing addressed some important aspects and questions which controls-based auditing does not answer. The benefit of risk based auditing is that it provides a basis for the auditor to have an examination of the business process and its risks. The foregoing provides a context for the results. Risk based auditing changes the manner in which internal auditors think as well as converse regarding control and risk. The auditor anticipates change and examines the manner in which management deals or is dealing with risks (McNamee et al, 1999) An advantage of risk based auditing is that the auditor is typically looking at control activities that were designed at some previous point to deal with aspects which may have long since been forgotten. In other words the internal auditor might be examining activities which might or might not be relevant in terms of current risks. Said controls could actually be extraneous as a result of monitoring aspects which are either no longer important or in existence. Another aspect is that essential controls could very possibly be overlooked as in a sense they do not exist yet due to changes in the business process. A good number of internal auditors have implemented the utilization of control self-assessment (CSA) as a means to address some of the concerns of management in capturing the state of the business process with regard to risk and control. It is important to note that control models both limit and define CSA so as a result these applications usually start with controls to the right and to the left of the internal audit. The limit of CSA is in its ability to explore the future. Risked based auditing has internal auditors anticipating change. As opposed to the old approach of focusing upon history, the reports generated by auditors address the present as well as the company’s preparedness level with respect to dealing with the future. The advantage is that internal audits complete the circle with respect to assurance of control regarding present operation plans and provide input to risk assessment with regard to the strategic plan. As a result, management places a higher degree of value on risk based internal audits than those of the traditional controls based type. The failure of the United States based Enron during 2001 has been a major factor adding to the impetus for improved financial reporting and auditing /Crossert, 200). The essential elements of today’s financial reporting systems are business viability along with profitability assessments (Bell et al, 1997). The foregoing is accomplished by key audit steps, auditing procedures concern ing strategy analysis, key indicators that are required as well as necessary to effectively monitor performance and risk assessment. Enron’s collapse has brought about standards that strengthen the responsibility of auditors in detecting fraud. The preceding requires evaluation of the effectiveness of an entities first management in preventing such misstatements as a result of fraud or other means. It also calls more attention to irregularities of a minor nature and thus appreciate their significance as the multiplicity of such small irregularities can be significant. Describe three (separate) codes of legislation under which statutory auditors may be required to make a report to the regulator in the event of non-compliance on the part of  a client with the law and provide examples where an auditor would be required to issue a report The Criminal Justice Act (Irish Statute Book, 20053) under Section 59 â€Å"Reporting of Offences† sets forth legislation whereby auditors may be required to issue a report to the regulator as a result of non-compliance by a client with statutes of the law. It describes under â€Å"relevant person† (Irish Statute Book, 20053) â€Å"(a) who audits the accounts of a firm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Under the Act, an auditor is required to issue a report for the following: â€Å"(2) Where the accounts of a firm, or as the case may be any information or document mentioned in subsection (1)(b), indicate that – an offence under this Act (other than sections 8, 12 to 15, 49(1) and 52(8) may have been committed by the firm concerned, or such an offense may have been committed in relation to its affairs by a partner in the firm or, in the case of a corporate or unincorporated body, by a director, manager, secretary or other employee thereof, or by the self-employed individual concerned, the relevant person (which in this instance includes the auditor as described above), shall, notwithstanding any professional obligations of privilege or confidentiality, report that fact to a member of the Garda Siochana.† The instances referred to by the preceding are described as â€Å" (2) For the purposes of this Act a person deceives if he or she –â€Å" are as follows (Irish Statute Book, 20053): â€Å" 1. (a) creates or reinforces a false impression, including a false impression as to law, value or intention or other state of mind, (b) prevents another person from acquiring information which would affect that person’s judgment of a transaction, or (c) fails to correct a false impressions which the deceiver previously created or reinforced or which the deceiver knows to be influencing another to whom he or she stands in a fiduciary or confidential relationship â€Å" An example of the preceding shall be addressed under section (a). This refers to an instance whereby either contracts, or real property value of a corporations assets are miss-stated. Such can be accomplished through the utilization of a qualified or recognized third party or in collusion whereby said third party conducting said valuation is unaware of the addition of material miss-statements that inflate the value or price under said instances. A contract, for example, could be altered as to the agreed upon terms, payment, and thus said inflated price affects the outcome of an audit whereby the firm’s value of income is thereby heightened. The same type of back office procedure could also relate to an appraisal of real property such as plant, real estate or equipment whereby either its price, terms of sale or existence has been altered. These types of misconduct are the sustentative underpinnings. The foregoing broad examples represent the activities which resulted in the United States affecting such companies as WorldCom and Global Crossing. The miss-statement of various financial reporting areas caused the valuations of these companies to be inflated thus increasing the stock price before subsequent investigations uncovered the miss-statement errors. The bankruptcy proceedings and drop in stock price affected millions of shareholders and caused significant financial loss. Bibliography Association of Chartered Accountants. 2002. Definition of Risk Based Auditing. http://www.accaglobal.com/technical/responses/archive/650602 Bell, , T., Mars, F., Solomon, I. Thomas, H. 1997. Auditing Organizations Through a Strategic Systems Lens: The KPMG Business Measurement Process. KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, Illinois, Carmichael, Douglas. 2003. Professionalism is Primary. Speech delivered before AICPA National Conference 12, December, 2003, Washington D.C. Cosserat, Graham. 2000. Modern Auditing. John Wiley Sons. ISBN: 0470863226 Irish Statute Book. 2003. Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offenses) Act. www.irishstatutebook.ie McNamee, David, Selim, Georges. 1999. The next step in risk management – risk-based auditing. Internal Auditor, published by The Institute of Internal Auditors, Altamonte Springs, Florida, The United States

Elies Wiesel And Night :: essays research papers

Elie's Wiesel and Night Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- that's where you're going to be taken. That's your grave, over there. Haven't you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, don't you understand anything? You're going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. Night is one of the masterpieces of Holocaust literature. It is the autobiographical account of an adolescent boy and his father in Auschwitz. Elie Wiesel writes of their battle for survival, and with his battle with God for a way to understand the wanton cruelty he witnessed each day. Elie Wiesel was born in a little, quiet town called Sighet, in transylvania where he had lived all of his young life. Quiet until the 1940's, when the city, and eke himself charged for ever, just as Europe, and for that matter the world. One day they expelled all the foreigners of the city, and Wiesels master in the study of cabbala (Jewish mysticism) of a foreigner so he was expelled too. The deportees were soon forgotten, he writes. However a few lines later he explains why this is relevant, and gives the reader an idea of what was going on in the minds of the jews living where he did. He told his story (referring to the expelled Rabbi) and that of his companions. The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by the Gestapo. The jews had to get out and climb into lorries. The lorries dove towards a forest. The jews were made to get out. They were made to dig huge graves. And when they had finished their work, the Gestapo began theirs. Without passion, without taste, they slaughtered their

Acknowledgement Paper Essay

First of all, we would like to thank our Almighty God for giving us the determination to complete this project and to improve ourselves in a situation that we never imagined that the developer can surpassed. The courage to make this work done with the strength, time and efforts that the proponents have. Second, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Ms. Liz Manalansan, manager of Avon Muntinlupa. To Mr. Jandy and all staffs of the said company for giving enough information. In regard with this we would like to thank also Prof. Nino Del Monte, thesis adviser, for the continuous support, patience and motivation, and for unselfishly sharing his expertise from the initial to the final level of this academic endeavor, to the panelist for their encouragement , insightful comments, and intellectual guidance. To all my friends in PLMun and specially our section BSCS 4B for not letting anyone lose hope and giving each of us determination and encouragement.  With all efforts, time, and the knowledge the proponents put into, this just prove that â€Å"Everything is possible. Just believe†. To God Be the Glory!

Believe: Positive Psychology and Positive Attitude

One of his most influential essays Self-Reliance. In lamens terms it means, believe in yourself you can accomplish everything. Almost everyone desires to be successful, everyone hopes to live a happy life, but how can we do that. I feel â€Å"believe in yourself† is the most important. â€Å"Believe in yourself† means a positive attitude. When you wake up in the morning, open your eyes, draw the curtain, enjoy the The great writer Emerson once said, â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string† in first sunlight of the day. And tell yourself â€Å"Have a happy day'.Just as professor Galbraith ays, miou yourself decide whether you are happy today. Be sure you are happy today. â€Å"Then you go to work or study, do it with your full enthusiasm. You should overcome your shyness, your timidity and your tension. Be brave and get courage from your heart, face up to your challenges. Say to yourself, â€Å"I'll try it, and I will try my best. † Remember, no one can obstruct your progress. Believe in yourself, you can do it, you can manage it. Always share and show ideas with others, cooperate with others. I have a friend who is happy everyday. She loves talking and laughing.Her ace and heart are full of sunshine. Her happiness infects everyone around her. Every time I stay with her, I am very happy, Just when I see her bright smile. I admire her, for she loves life so much. Chat with a smile on your face, let people around you know that you are confident and enthusiastic. Yes, you should believe in yourself, you should be confident. I think that true confidence comes from your inner heart. It is stable and will not change with the circumstance. Do what you want to do. Never let your thoughts lay in your diary quietly. That's meaningless. You should put it into practice.Never hesitate, do it with all your passion. I read a story about a salesman, who practices laughing for five minutes in front of the mirror everyday before he goes out. He wants to meet everyone with a smile on his face. He becomes a successful salesman. I was inspired, everyone wants to make friends with those who are happy, optimistic and full of enthusiasm. Success needs your confidence, passion and positive attitude; living a happy life needs your confidence, passion and positive attitude. All this needs you to â€Å"believe in yourself†. So, believe in tomorrow, believe in dream, and believe in yourself!