Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Task - Research Paper Example In any case, there are contemplations that must be made when choosing what sort of PC frameworks to use inside the workplace condition. This is on the grounds that there are a lot of PC frameworks sellers in the market right now. These merchants frequently produce items that vary in quality and structure however just comparative in usefulness. It is hence significant get mastery exhortation on what is ought to be the most proper equipment determinations to for in an item that will be utilized in the organization for different office purposes. In the news organization, the accompanying PC frameworks details are the most proper for the workplace PC frameworks. CPU-this is the focal preparing unit of a PC. CPUs are made of processors which differ in their adequacy regarding preparing velocity and equipment or motherboard similarity. The suggested CPU for the workplace is Intel Processor. Intel processors have undue favorable circumstances over the AMD processors. This is on the grounds that Intel processors appreciate exactly a superior CPU gaming execution than the AMD processors. Intel CPUs appreciate a more grounded and great single-center execution which is consistently above different processors (Nyakoi, 21). The exhibition of a processor is real the sole driving component that should bait one into picking certain CPUs over others. Intel CPUs appreciate great execution that makes them progressively suitable for the workplace administrations. The Intel centers have a vastly improved presentation for the most part which gives them an edge over different items particularly the Intel Core i5-3570k. This center can process a few edges for e very second, around 103, which is a vastly improved exhibition. Video Card-there are essentially two sorts of video cards that can be utilized in the business condition. These are work area card and workshop card. The primary utilitarian contrast between the two is exactness and speed. The earth directs the inclination. In the news organization, workstation

4-MAT Book Review Essay

Dynamic Wheelan (2013) distinguishes the four phases of group improvement and gives nitty gritty clarification of how a gathering changes itself from a phase one gathering of vulnerability into a fruitful, exceptionally gainful stage four group. This requires work and an exhaustive comprehension of the numerous inward/outside impacts that can happen during each stage. A colleague or pioneer who is knowledgeable in these stages and who can develop with each stage will be better outfitted to manage potential snags that can thwart bunch progress and execute practices to help the gathering effectively work through a specific stage. The objective is for the gathering to turn into a group that will esteem the significance of everyone’s commitment inside the gathering and how it identifies with the general capacity of the gathering to effectively achieve the mission. As this is accomplished, the work will no longer feel like an errand as colleagues empower, motivate, and have a ton of fun fi nishing assignments and accomplishing the ideal result (Wheelan, 2013). In the main phase of gathering advancement, named reliance and consideration, colleagues are needy upon the assigned pioneer to give a feeling of having a place and with make a situation where individuals have a sense of security enough to propose new thoughts (Wheelan, 2013). The general objective of stage one gathering advancement is the capacity to make a protected and comprehensive condition for all individuals as some may encounter certain social attributes related with sentiments of instability and a need to feel remembered for the gathering. Stage one individuals may feel anxious about sharing their thoughts until they feel that nature is sheltered to share and that their information is esteemed (Wheelan, 2013). As individuals work through the gathering one phase, they will turn out to be progressively certain about their job and start to depend less in the group head for input. Furthermore, bunch individuals will start to straightforwardly share their thoughts, which thus may make struggle inside the gathering as various perspectives and qualities will start to be tested among bunch individuals. Albeit awkward, this conceivably unpredictable yet fundamental piece of stage two gathering advancement will prompt an expanded trust among bunch individuals. Wheelan (2013) clarifies, â€Å"Only through compromise and the advancement of a bound together perspective on the group’s reason and procedures can genuine joint effort be achieved† (p. 28). During stage two gathering improvement, the group chief and group members’ capacity to oversee compromise will decide if the gathering succeeds or fizzles. During stage three, individuals from the gathering focus in and start to concentrate on the job that needs to be done. Consciences are abandoned colleagues start to detect a more clear image of individual and group objectives and correspondence turns out to be more undertaking focused (Wheelan, 2013). As stage three gatherings create, profitability is expanded and connections are fortified as the gathering would now be able to move to arrange four effectively in the event that they proceed to oversee and change group jobs and obligations, resolve strife, and get useful analysis with a receptive outlook. Solid Response As a young head, I was entrusted with shaping a service group to work with school-matured youngsters extending in ages from 8 to 19 years old. As a District Fire Chief for a huge local group of fire-fighters, I accepted that this undertaking would be like framing a group that reacts to crisis calls; be that as it may, there were a few things that I would ignore at first that would end up being agonizing learning open doors as I advanced through my service group building experience. In the first place, and likely generally significant, was the way that I expected that everybody presenting with me had an away from of what our objective was as youth pioneers; to share the good news of Christ through beauty filled energy showed by affection, sympathy, comprehension and consolation. I despite everything recall our first gathering as I passed out data with respect to the book of scriptures study material we would utilize. As I clarified the prospectus and the subtleties of the investigation itself, Joey, one of the volunteers, asked, â€Å"What is it that we are attempting to achieve through this study?† I clarified that the goals were recorded in the parcel and thatâ everyone ought to acclimate themselves altogether with the material gave. As Wheelan (2013) clarifies, it is the group leader’s duty during stage one to set up characterized objectives and to distinguish explicit colleague jobs and how they will add to the general arrangement. This mistake on my part prompted disarray, disappointment, and sadly the flight of a portion of the young volunteers, as they didn't feel that the estimation of their information was considered nor was an away from of what our motivation was clarified. Study Wheelan (2013) gives numerous genuine instances of what to do in specific conditions that manage security and consideration, compromise, recognizing jobs and duties, and encouraging esprit de corps during bunch advancement. Furthermore, she distinguishes the positive qualities that ought to be shown by both colleagues and group pioneers the same, for example, including different individuals in the initiative of the gathering and effectively taking an interest in accomplishing destinations. While the quality of this book is shown in the numerous models given by the writer of what to do if a specific circumstance emerges, this writer was interested with regards to what a group chief or part would do if a colleague must be excused for lackluster showing? While this is something that this creator would not have any desire to ever understanding, I am interested regarding whether Wheelan has ever encountered this in her investigations and by what method may a pioneer or colleague manage th is issue? Another thought that this creator accepts impacts bunch elements is financial and social assorted variety. While the previously mentioned positive character qualities for pioneers and colleagues are only a couple of the many gave in this content, Creating Effective Teams doesn't address the interior and outer impacts that are ever-present in bunches through financial and social decent variety. This creator accepts that these two impacts alone ought to be firmly thought of, as gathering cohesiveness will rely to a great extent on an intensive comprehension of how an individual’s perspective impacts their view of other gathering individuals and their individual job inside the gathering. Activity Clear brief imparted objectives that clarify the reason, the strategic, how every part will add to the general arrangement is the main activity thatâ this creator wishes to achieve. Setting up a safe comprehensive condition at the start of gathering improvement is indispensable to part investment as this creator intends to meet with both the young service and love service group in the up and coming week to empower colleague input and to distinguish jobs, obligations, and a brought together statement of purpose. Preparing colleagues in both my service and the local group of fire-fighters I work for in how to adequately oversee bunch struggle is an extra activity plan that this creator wants to accomplish. Understanding that contention isn't really an awful thing and that great can emerge out of differences is significant for everybody to consider when assembling our group. This creator feels that this activity will open up another line of correspondence for people inside my group to voice their interests and contribute effectively to the gathering with earnest trustworthiness. The third activity that this creator might want to accomplish is to turn into a pioneer who advances with the gathering as it creates through each stage. The starting phases of the group’s improvement will expect me to be increasingly confident; in any case, the capacity to advance as a pioneer to a more specialist job is the place this creator intends to make a move. As indicated by Wheelan (2013) as I permit individuals to partake in the authority capacity of the gathering, the probability that the gathering will succeed is expanded. Reference Wheelan, S. A. (2013) Creating viable groups: A guide for individuals and pioneers. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage Publications, Inc.

The Most Reliable Bus Transportation System

The Most Reliable Bus Transportation System It is no secret that the Illinois campus is beautiful, but it is also enormous. When I was visiting campus on our tour that was given by an enthusiastic  I-Star, I was exhausted. We did so much walking and I wondered how the I-Star was able to walk backward and speak to us, too. But my main concern was whether I would be able to get to my classes on time and whether I would be able to travel anywhere without on a car. Thankfully, I learned about the Champaign-Urbana Mass Transit District bus system. This bus company not only serves the people of Champaign-Urbana, but it also services the 40,000+ students at Illinois. The best part about all of this was that it was free to use for students (free in the sense that all students pay for bus services as part of their student fees each semester)! All you have to do is show your student ID when you get on the bus. Courtesy of Giphy.com The extremely reliable bus system is something I truly use every day, and they truly care about the students they serve. They serve students from the early morning all the way until 2:00 a.m. I always feel it is a safe option to use to go back to my place of residence on campus. Having a reliable bus system is also great because now it is totally unnecessary to have your own car on campus, so you do not have to worry about maintaining it while at school and consistently getting gas for it. The bus system doesnt just get you to class and directly to the Main Quad, it can get you to explore downtown Champaign! I have visited the famous Art Theater and Carmike 13 to see some amazing movies, and I was so glad I didnt have to pay for an Uber or gas to get there. If youre worried about getting groceries, please remember you have some amazing dining hall options for your residence halls that will always feed you well. However, if you really want some more food and other items, one of the bus routes takes you right to Wal-Mart and the mall! I use that bus route a lot! Just know that Illinois surely takes care of every student and all they can possibly need. I am extremely thankful for the reliable and incredible bus system. Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Research Paper

Since its first publication in 1884, Mark Twain’s masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has proven to be one of history’s most controversial novels; especially recently, the novel has often been banned by schools and censored by libraries. Characters in the book are constantly using disparaging language toward slaves, and the repeated use of the word â€Å"nigger† makes many sensitive and offended. Critics denounce the novel and Mark Twain as racist for this word being insulting and politically incorrect and for its depiction of black people and how they are treated. However, Twain was not attempting to perpetuate racism; on the contrary, he used satire to expose the ignorance and paradoxical views held by many in America at that time.†¦show more content†¦Huck learns humanity from Jim; without Jim, Huck would be restricted to stealing and lying. Author Charles Nichols maintains that â€Å"the heart of Huckleberry Finn is, of course, the develo ping moral sense of the boy Huck. This growth depends upon his recognition of the humanity of the slave Jim† (212). Twain clearly shows that Jim is extremely moralistic, whose primary function is to further the characterization of Huck by his presence, personality, actions, and words. Additionally, critics object to the novel because it is unfit for children and its language is unsuitable or offensive. Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist Jane Smiley contends that â€Å"to invest The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with ‘greatness’ is to underwrite a very simplistic and evasive theory of what racism is and to promulgate it† and that placing in context Huck’s use of the word â€Å"nigger† is inexcusable (64). In the nineteenth century, blacks were consistently referred to as â€Å"niggers†; if Twain had denied that, the novel’s story would have seemed historically inaccurate and essentially meaningless, instead of demonstrating how evil slavery and racism are. If the novel was rewritten to appease the affronted masses, slavery and racism would not even come into play, making Jim’s escape unnecessary, and ultimately reducing the novel from a great piece of American literature to a comical story. Barbara Jackson, professor of education at Fordham University, states, â€Å"the word was so commonly used thatShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1164 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature March 2, 2016 Research Paper In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain writes about the events in Huckleberry Finn’s life and the people around him. Huckleberry Finn tells the tale of life in the nineteenth century through the eyes of a 14-year-old boy struggling to find his place in this society. Throughout the story Huck deals with several moral issues; such as slavery, his distrust of society, and social order. In this essay I will discuss moral issues that Huck Finn faces in the storyRead MoreResearch Paper Mark Twain1306 Words   |  6 PagesIsabella Thomaz Donna Hunter - Period 2 Research Paper - Mark Twain October 26, 2012 MARK TWAIN: A REMARKABLE MAN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD â€Å"Classic - a book which people praise and dont read.† When Samuel L. Clemens (more often referred to as Mark Twain) said this, he meant it in a humorous sense, but he also wanted people to understand it’s meaning. People call books like Huck Finn and Gatsby classics, yet the idea that these books are actually read by everyone isn’t so. Twain isn’t justRead MoreMark Twain3000 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Mark Twain’s Impact on American Literature. Multi-Genre Research Paper Table of Contents: Prologue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.3 Expository Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.4-6 Multi-Genre Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-12 Epilogue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Works Cited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Prologue. When I was thinking about the topic for my research paper I could not come up with any ideas. Then I looked through my entire English binder andRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1154 Words   |  5 PagesDecember, 2014 Transcendentalism in Huck Finn Many Readers gain much knowledge from the works Of Mark Twain. Huck Finn is one of the works of the last two hundred years. The author, Mark Twain was a famous Transcendentalist that gained popularity in the 19th century. In research of his works, Mark Twain’s novels involved many transcendentalist ideas. Huck Finn is one of key factors in the ideals of transcendentalist. The novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twains works to spread the ideaRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2388 Words   |  10 PagesStay in School, Huck Finn! Intro Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s most popular and perhaps most controversial book. It is celebrated by many to be the quintessential classic american novel, depicting boyhood adventure along the mighty Mississippi River in the mid seventeenth century. But, simultaneously, many also feel that the book is unsuitable for the classroom. Its controversy lies in the notion by some that it is racist and promotes racism, while humiliating black students. MuchRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2239 Words   |  9 PagesTim Moran Mr. McMullen 531-06 3 March 2015 Term Paper Final Draft All American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since. These famous words by Ernest Hemingway, a world renowned author, go to prove that Huckleberry Finn truly is a literary masterpiece. Even though Huckleberry Finn is classified as one of the best novels ever created does not mean that it is filled withRead MoreTwains Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essay2827 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Paper on Twains Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800’s.   It is the story of Hucks struggle to win freedom for himself and Jim, a Negro slave.   Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twain’s greatest book, and a delighted world named it his masterpiece.   To nations knowing it well - Huck riding his raft in every language men could print - it was AmericasRead MoreCensorship Of Classic Books1325 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Research Paper Censorship of Classic Novels in Canada and the United States Ashley Sprague 7607211 College Reading and Writing Skills/ COMM1085 Dawn Grimmer Many novelists in today’s society have the growing responsibility of censoring their work, ultimately loosing their freedom of expression. Canada is no different from other countries who have begun the long list of â€Å"banned and challenged classic novels.† Most of the Canadian population can remember studying Harper Lee’s ToRead MoreThe Adentures of Huckleberry Finn1524 Words   |  7 Pages Wisdom is to maturity as writing a paper is to taking an English course. And wisdom can only be gained through life experience, good, bad, or in between. Huck’s maturity is developed through his adventure down the Mississippi River, where he must make â€Å"adult† choices that will affect not only him but his dependent friend, Jim, showing that all kids need is to be given responsibility in order to become responsible. In the beginning of the novel, Huck’s life is completely controlledRead More Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pagescomfortable reading the language they used in public. William Gibson belies that, â€Å"Twain developed one of the great styles in the English language because he had a firm grasp of the American vernacular†(qtd. in Long 205).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His letters to the Keokuk Papers in St. Louis proved to be most successful for Clemens. He signed these letters with the pseudonym Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass. His narrations made the western readers feel more intelligent by laughing at the character’s idiocy. â€Å"Snodgrass† would continue

Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System

Digested molecules of food, as well as water and minerals from the diet, are absorbed from the cavity of the upper small intestine. The absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood, mainly, and are carried off in the bloodstream to other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change. This part of the digestive system process varies with different types of nutrients. Nutrient Absorption in the Digestive System Carbohydrates An average American adult eats about half a pound of carbohydrate each day. Some of our most common foods contain mostly carbohydrates. Examples are bread, potatoes, pastries, candy, rice, spaghetti, fruits, and vegetables. Many of these foods contain both starch, which can be digested and fiber, which the body cannot digest. The digestible carbohydrates are broken into simpler molecules by enzymes in the saliva, in juice produced by the pancreas, and in the lining of the small intestine. Starch is digested in two steps: First, an enzyme in the saliva and pancreatic juice breaks the starch into molecules called maltose; then an enzyme in the lining of the small intestine (maltase) splits the maltose into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body. Table sugar is another carbohydrate that must be digested to be useful. An enzyme in the lining of the small intestine digests table sugar into glucose and fructose, each of which can be absorbed from the intestinal cavity into the blood. Milk contains yet another type of sugar, lactose, which is changed into absorbable molecules by an enzyme called lactase, also found in the intestinal lining. Protein Foods such as meat, eggs, and beans consist of giant molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the juice of the stomach starts the digestion of swallowed protein. Further digestion of the protein is completed in the small intestine. Here, several enzymes from the pancreatic juice and the lining of the intestine carry out the breakdown of huge protein molecules into small molecules called amino acid. These small molecules can be absorbed from the hollow of the small intestine into the blood and then be carried to all parts of the body to build the walls and other parts of cells. Fats Fat molecules are a rich source of energy for the body. The first step in digestion of a fat such as butter is to dissolve it into the water content of the intestinal cavity. The bile acids produced by the liver act as natural detergents to dissolve fat in water and allow the enzymes to break the large fat molecules into smaller molecules, some of which are fatty acids and cholesterol. The bile acids combine with the fatty acids and cholesterol and help these molecules to move into the cells of the mucosa. In these cells, the small molecules are formed back into large molecules, most of which pass into vessels (called lymphatics) near the intestine. These small vessels carry the reformed fat to the veins of the chest, and the blood carries the fat to storage depots in different parts of the body. Vitamins The large, hollow organs of the digestive system contain muscle that enables their walls to move. The movement of organ walls can propel food and liquid and also can mix the contents within each organ. Typical movement of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine is called peristalsis. The action of peristalsis looks like an ocean wave moving through the muscle. The muscle of the organ produces a narrowing and then propels the narrowed portion slowly down the length of the organ. These waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ. Water and Salt Most of the material absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine is water in which salt is dissolved. The salt and water come from the food and liquid we swallow and the juices secreted by the many digestive glands. In a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine every 24 hours. Digestion Control A fascinating feature of the  digestive system  is that it contains its own regulators. Hormone Regulators The major hormones that control the functions of the digestive system are produced and released by cells in the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine. These hormones are released into the  blood  of the digestive tract, travel back to the  heart  and through the  arteries, and return to the digestive system, where they stimulate digestive juices and cause organ movement. The hormones that control digestion are gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK): Gastrin causes the stomach to produce an acid for dissolving and  digesting some foods. It is also necessary for the normal growth of the lining of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.Secretin causes the  pancreas  to send out a  digestive juice  that is rich in bicarbonate. It stimulates the stomach to produce pepsin, an enzyme that digests protein, and it also stimulates the liver to produce bile.CCK causes the pancreas to grow and to produce the enzymes of pancreatic juice, and it causes the gallbladder to empty. Nerve Regulators Two types of  nerves  help to control the action of the digestive system. Extrinsic (outside) nerves come to the digestive organs from the unconscious part of the  brain  or from the  spinal cord. They release a chemical called acetylcholine and another called adrenaline. Acetylcholine causes the muscle of the digestive organs to squeeze with more force and increase the push of food and juice through the digestive tract. Acetylcholine also causes the stomach and pancreas to produce more digestive juice. Adrenaline relaxes the muscle of the stomach and intestine and decreases the flow of blood to these  organs. Even more important, though, are the intrinsic (inside) nerves, which make up a very dense network embedded in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. The intrinsic nerves are triggered to act when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched by food. They release many different substances that speed up or delay the movement of food and the production of juices by the digestive organs. Sources Your Digestive System and How It Works. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Updated Sept. 2013. Web. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Anatomy/your-digestive-system/Pages/anatomy.aspx.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Free Essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Husk’s relationship with Jim becomes Increasingly close and respected as these chapters unwind. In the beginning of the book, both Houck and Jim are only briefly acquitted due to Jim working for Miss Watson as a slave, who happens to be Husks legal guardian at the time. Even though both characters live under the same roof, neither of them pay much attention to one another due to the fact that slaves in the asses, degraded by the term â€Å"naggers†, would not be accepted into the white community as anything ore. We will write a custom essay sample on Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, despite Houck barely knowing him, he had noticed â€Å"Miss Watson big Niger, named Jim†(pig. 6) was physically large, very superstitious but capable of interpreting signs that could provide useful Information. We know this since Houck mentions that â€Å"Jim, had a hair-ball as big as your fist, which had been took out of the fourth stomach of an ox, and he used to do magic with It. He said there was a split Inside of It, and It endowed everything. So I went to him that night and told him pap was here again, for I found his tracks In the snow. What I wanted to know, was, what e was going to do, and was he going to stay? â€Å". Once Husks Journey starts by sailing down the Mississippi River he eventually comes across an island where he meets Jim once again. As both characters have a common ground as to why they had ran away from their previous destinations, they decided to stick together and camp out for a couple of days. During this time, Houck pulled a childish prank on Jim which resulted in Jims leg swelling from a very poisonous snake bite. Even though Houck had caused Jim great pain, he decided to ignore it and â€Å"Judged he was all 55); however, he â€Å"slid out quiet and thrower the snakes Lear away amongst the bushes; for I warrant going to let Jim find out It was all my fault, not If I could help which shows that he had little remorse for his actions and had no means to apologize. Later in Chapter. 15, Houck and Jim are separated by fog while going down the river. Eventually Houck finds the boat and is reunited with a rather drowsy Jim. Once Jim awakens he immediately shows his sincerest happiness to Husk’s survival. Unfortunately, for Jim, Husk’s childish behavior brings him to say â€Å"Gone away? Why, what in the nation do you mean? I haunt been gone anywhere. Where would I go to? â€Å"(pig. 87). However, Jim knows it was no dream of his and figures out that Houck had been lying and teasing him the entire time. We know that Jim is extremely offended by Husk’s behavior as he says â₠¬Å"When I got all wore out wide work, en wide De call’ door you, en went to sleep, my heart wiz broke bakes you wiz ISO’, en I din’ Kerrey no what become err me en De raff. En when I wake up en fine you back gal.’, all safe en soon’, De tears come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss’ F foot Xi’s so lie. Data truck dad is trash; en trash is what people is date data puts dirt on De head err dye Freon’s en makes ‘me ashamed. â€Å"(pig. 9) meaning that he couldn’t have been more worried when he had lost Houck and couldn’t have been any happier when they were united, but could not understand why he would ever treat him in that way. Houck responds by saying â€Å"It made me feel so means I could almost kissed his foot to get him to take it back. â€Å"(pig. 89) and this is the first time he actually feels guilt for his actions towards Jim, so guilty in fact, that Houck brings himself to apologize. This is a revolutionary moment in the book as both a white man and a slave are on moral ground of respect and resembles how close these two characters have become throughout these chapters. How to cite Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Papers

Princeton Acceptance Essay Example For Students

Princeton Acceptance Essay A creek is no place for shoes. I think its unreasonable to ask such children to keep their shoes on in such a place. My bare feet were always covered with calluses from walking down the rough pavement of Pine Street and around the corner, past the tall oaks, but not as far as the Lindsays squeaky old swing-set. It was hard to see from the road, and as far as I could tell, nobody ever went there, except for me. Large pines nearby stood tall and erect, looking down at the ripples and currents that nudged each other about playfully, like children in the back seat of a car on a long drive. Stones and pebbles lined the shallow bottom and allowed the water to glide in creative patterns over their smooth surfaces. Larger, moss covered rocks dotted the back and provided ideal spots for a child to sit around watch and wonder. The creek taught me things; it was my mentor. Once I discovered tadpoles in several of the many eddies and stagnant pools that lined the small rivulet. A cupped hand and a cleaned-out mayonnaise jar aided me in clumsily scooped up some of the more slothful individuals. With muddy hands and knees, I set them on the kitchen table and watched them on a daily basis as they developed into tiny frogs. I was fascinated by what was taking place before my eyes, but new questions constantly puzzled me. Dad was usually responsible for assuaging these curiosities. He told me about different kinds of metamorphosis and how other creatures lived in the water that I couldnt see without a fancy magnifying glass. By the creek, my mind was free to wonder. I remember sitting on a mossy rock and watching birds; I used to pretend I was one. As my body lay still, my imagination would take flight. High above, looking down on this stream from the pale blue heavens, the wind whistled over my face and the sun warmed my body. When my eyes flickered open, it was usually time to go home. Sometimes I even did. I was always up for a challenge. My neighbor and I used to jump from rock to rock in a kind of improvised hopscotch obstacle course that tested our balance and agility against one another. He was four years older and I had to practice every morning when he was at school. On the rare occasions that I outdid him, I wore a goofy smirk for the rest of the day. The creek was a frontier. The stream extended far into the depths of the woods. I thought that if I wondered too far into its darkness, I might be consumed by it and never heard from again. Gradually overcoming my fears, I embarked on expeditions and drafted extensive maps using my fathers old compass, a sheet of paper, and a few colored pencils. As my body grew in height and weight, my boundaries grew in extent and breadth. Years later, I happened to be walking to a friends house by way of the creek. It occurred to me that what was once an expedition was now merely a shortcut. Although I had left this stream behind, I found others: New questions and freedoms, new challenges and places to explore. But this creek would remain foremost in my memory, whatever stream, river, or ocean I might wade. Acceptance Essays

10 Tips to study at exam time Essays

10 Tips to study at exam time Essays 10 Tips to study at exam time Essay 10 Tips to study at exam time Essay Examination periods bring head to students, but to all, there are some techniques that make them more bearable. Here we show you some tips that we hope you find them useful. Cheer up! Write by hand on paper: Write down what you’re trying to study for remember more easily. Research on the subject says that the act of writing produces the feedback of the brain, resulting in a motor memory which makes it easier to remember the long-term information. Typing or voice recording have the same result, so, even if it takes longer it is the best you can do. Move! Believe it or not, the place where you study can also produce different effects in studies. If you’ve been studying in your room, move to the kitchen table or scroll to the library. It can help you keep a clear mind, plus improved. Try meditation: It is scientifically proven that meditation improves test results: a recent study by the University of California, Santa Barbara specifically states that many college students improved their capacity to face the exams through meditation, while another study showed students who meditated before a conference got better on the test that was conducted after the conference that students who had not meditated. During the weeks before the exam, you have to try to sit quietly and focus, making breathing paused for 5 minutes a day, morning and evening, to improve concentration and clear the mind. Take a break: Study more it does not necessarily mean better study: Studies have shown that taking a break every 10 minutes to walk can help improve your concentration up to two hours later. Test yourself: Be tested one / a / herself can be an effective way to alleviate nerves exist before an exam and review those skills that we have forgotten. Research shows us that active study methods are more effective than other strategies (such summarize or underline). Drink plenty of water: This is very important: if you took too much coffee or energy drinks, something that is often used during exam periods, and have a dehydrating effect on our body, we should always have a water bottle handy when you are studying. Dehydration (even mild) can impair cognitive function and mental performance. Do not overcrowd: study everything the day before, it can seem a sure way to gain the knowledge, that you is entirely clear, but it is actually counterproductive, not only will you be exhausted when you get to review but will be tired and do not Wing will remember everything perfectly possible, like you’re rested. There is no quick solution to pass the exams, so our recommendation is to start to prepare a month before exams, at your own pace and time to rest the night before the test. Make a study group: Group study may be useful whenever you choose the right people and you focus on the notes. Try to limit the group to a maximum of 3 or 4 members and making a list of things you are going to study each time you are left. Divide and conquer: Not all tests that do have the same difficulty, thus there is no need to always study the same way, or given equal time to all tests: you must evaluate the test yourself depending on the difficulty and knowledge you have, let them take a longer sections or other†¦ Listen to music to relax: Listening to classical music can help the mind to stay focused. Research has shown that workers who listen to music do their jobs more efficiently than those who do not way, so why not do the same with our studies?

Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Essays - Classical Mechanics

Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Essays - Classical Mechanics Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 1 / 4 Chapter 2: Motion in one dimension The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and mass is called dynamics. The part of dynamics that describes motion without regard to its causes is called kinematics. The purpose of this chapter is to describe motion using the concepts of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. For the sake of simplicity, we begin with the study of 1-dimensional motion. 1) Displacement Motion involves the displacement of an object from one place in space and time to another. Describing the motion requires some convenient coordinate system and a specified origin. A frame of reference is a choice of coordinate axes that defines the starting point for measuring any quantity. Ex: Consider a body moving in 1-dimension; a train traveling down a straight railroad track: The x-coordinate of the train at any time describes its position in space. The displacement of an object is defined as its change in position, and is given by: SI unit: meter (m) where the initial position of the object is labeled and the final position is . Note: The displacement of an object is not the same as the distance it travels: when you toss a ball 1 m up and you catch it; the displacement is zero but the distance covered by the ball is 2 m. Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 2 / 4 2) Velocity 2.1) Speed vs velocity In day-to-day usage, the terms speed and velocity are interchangeable. In physics, however, theres a clear distinction between them: Speed is a scalar quantity, having only magnitude, while velocity is a vector, having both magnitude and direction. 2.2) Average speed The average speed of an object over a given time interval is defined as the total distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed: Average speed is always positive. 2.3) Average velocity a) Definition The average velocity during a time interval t is the displacement divided by t : The average velocity of an object in one dimension can be either positive or negative, depending on the sign of the displacement. Example 1: If you run from x = 0 m to x = 25 m and back to your starting point in a time interval of 5 s. Compare your average speed with your average velocity. 2.4) Instantaneous velocity Average velocity doesnt take into account the details of what happens during an interval of time. To do so, we use the concept of instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small: SI unit: (m/s) 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h. SI unit: (m/s) SI unit: (m/s) Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 3 / 4 3) Acceleration The changing of an objects velocity with time is called acceleration. The instantaneous acceleration is given by: 4) One dimensional Motion with constant velocity For a 1-D motion with constant velocity, the kinematic equation of motion is given by: 5) One dimensional Motion with constant acceleration For a 1-D motion with constant acceleration, the Kinematics equations are: We can also use: Example 2: A race car starting from rest accelerates at a constant rate of 5 m/s. 1) What is the velocity of the car after it has traveled 30.5 m? 2) How much time has elapsed? 3) Calculate the average velocity two different ways. Example 3: A typical jetliner lands at a speed of 71.5 m/s and decelerates at the rate of 4.47 m/s. If the plane travels at a constant speed of 71.5 m/s for 1.00 s after landing before applying the brakes, what is the total displacement of the aircraft between touchdown on the runway and coming to rest? 6) Freely falling objects A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone, regardless of its initial motion. Ex: Objects thrown upward, downward or released from rest. If we neglect air resistance and assume that the free-fall acceleration doesnt vary with altitude over short vertical distances, then the motion of a freely falling object is the same as motion in one dimension under constant acceleration. If we choose the up-direction as the +y-direction: SI unit: (m/s2 ) for constant a Chapter 2 Motion in one dimension 4 / 4 The kinematics equations of motion with the y-variable are: Example 4: A stone is thrown from the top of a building with an initial velocity of straight upward, at an initial height of above the ground. The stone just misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in the figure. Neglect air drag. Determine: 1) the

Affirmative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Affirmative Action - Essay Example an publicity, the government has ensured that racial discrimination against African-Americans and people of color are eliminated in employment industry. In the employment norm, the government has laid down strategies that ensure no barrier is created so that any qualified person is employed. Affirmative action in the U.S is fighting to ensure that there is no discrimination based on either gender or race. The affirmative action calls for equality in that every person should be given equal opportunity based on his or her qualification. In the U.S, an aspect of public policy has triggered employment industries to look in depth on the facet of discrimination, which has led to abuse of civil liberties of Americans. Various laws and policies have been laid down to ensure that there is equal employment opportunity and affirmative actions are dealt with. Public policies with inherent contradictions can be seen as a negative impact towards employment facet leading to disparate impact, color-blind and narrowly tailored actions (McCrudden 45-53). Approaches to affirmative action in terms of Catholic and Protestant applicants for the police service of Northern Ireland, the legal ability has laid down strategies that could see the government of European Union engage in positive action towards the issue of employment. Racial discrimination in regards to employment has been evident European countries for a long time. This has forced the members of the entire States to introduce effective measures that overlooked races context, disability and religion as far as the issue of employment is

Public precurement and (ppt) + (ppp) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public precurement and (ppt) + (ppp) - Essay Example The public department just makes monthly repayments for capital utilized and bears the on-going service costs. The major objective of PFI is to increase efficient delivery of public services and transfer risk to the private enterprises. But currently, it has come under lot of controversy for excessive payments, bribery, corruption and poor value for money. The paper would analyse PFI for managerial effectiveness, operational efficiency and cost effectiveness for public service delivery and asses its viability for best value for money. Analysis Public sector is showing significant shift in its operational areas towards privatization regarding public procurements of works, goods and services with emphasis on cost saving and increasing efficiency. The concept had originated in the developed nations which were getting concerned with large amounts of spending from the public funds for public utility services. It had led to frequent cases of irregularities related to public funding includi ng lack of commitment, transparency and efficiency issues (OECD, 2007). The reforms therefore had become necessary. An effective public procurement through PFI was a good option especially when relationship is forged through fair and competitive auction –bidding (Audit commission, 2001). ... PFI is improved form of public procurement system because of its unique framework as public private partnership. Moreover, private finance is sought within the realms of a public environment, processed by a series of state defined legal, administrative, political, and management networks. Like private sector, it ensures that the procurement of goods, services and works is optimally efficient and effective, and results in best value for money (Deloitte, 2009). But it differs from the private sector in the sense that it is not profit oriented. Indeed, these emerge as vital issues that require constant monitoring, regulation, and audit to keep the process corruption free. In the traditional procurement system, the spending department or body finalizes the project and budget and thereafter sends proposal to the treasury for loan (Whitfield, 2001). After approval the department gets the long term loan at very low interest rates as they are perceived to be low risk borrowers with governmen t not expecting to fail or default in its repayments (Grout, 1997). The loan sanction for the project is a long drawn process that each public department has to follow for any proposed work in the public area. Apart from the highly fractious procedures of finance, the operation, management and risks are hugely critical elements that become difficult to manage in the long run with the same efficiency and quality (Hood et al., 2006). Indeed, the changing socio-economic and political environment makes the various projects quite risky. Most importantly, getting the state treasuries to fund the various public projects would a massive burden on it and which could

Poppers Falsifiability As A Criterion Of Demarcation

Poppers Falsifiability As A Criterion Of Demarcation The problem of demarcation has long preoccupied philosophers of science who wished to differentiate pseudo-science from science itself. Many solutions have been attempted, but it is still, in my opinion, Poppers falsfiability which addresses the demarcation problem most effectively. This paper will therefore argue for a revised use of falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation. To argue this point, a clear explanation of Poppers falsfiability criterion will be attempted, as well as an examination of the criticisms falsifiability has received, specifically in relation to the Duhem-Quine problem and Kuhns problem of incommensurability. This paper will then conclude with a discussion of ad hoc modifications and ultimately demonstrate that falsifiability can convincingly demarcate science from pseudo-science. Early on in his book Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, Popper notes that the Logical Positivists differentiated science from pseudo-science by its empirical method; in other words they believed that science relied on induction from experience while non-scientific disciplines did not. This, according to Popper, was untrue, since fields such as astrology, a pseudo-science, also used induction from observation to justify their claims, relying on things such as horoscopes, biographies, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Unsatisfied, Popper notes that although some pseudo-scientific claims might be just as truthful as scientific ones, the problem of demarcation needed to be solved so that philosophers, scientists and the public alike could distinguish scientific theories from those which merely pretended to be scientific. Verifiability was seen as a solution to the problem of demarcation for philosophers such as Wittgenstein, but not for Popper, whoargued that pseudo-scientists relied very much on verifiability in order to convince their peers of the scientific status of their theories. This point is illustrated in Poppers anecdote in which Alfred Adler supports his theory of inferiority feelings by his thousand-fold experience. This personal experience convinced Popper that the very ability of pseudo-scientific theories, such as Marxism and Freudianism, to incessantly confirm their predictions, in other words with overwhelming verifiability, was in fact the strongest argument against them. Verifiability, therefore, could not be an adequate criterion of demarcation. Before further exploring Poppers explanation of falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation, it is important to draw a distinction. While Popper uses the terms falsifiability and testability interchangeably, this paper will not. Falsifiability, in this paper, will be seen as the possibility of a concept being both theoretically and practically falsifiable, while testable will be restricted to things only falsifiable in practice. This distinction is important as it entails that, if falsifiability is to be used a criterion of demarcation, theories which can only be falsified in theory, such as Newtons second law, can in fact reach scientific status. Indeed, although there is no place in the universe in which no forces will be exerted on a body, Newtons second law remains falsifiable (not testable) and therefore can still be viewed as scientific. Testability would be too restricting as a criterion of demarcation. Popper explains that the value of falsifiability lies in its risk. If a theory is falsified, it is subsequently refuted by the scientific community. Pseudo-sciences, it is argued, attempt to avoid falsifiability either by providing unfalsifiable predictions or destroying their falsifiability through ad hoc modifications, a procedure he calls a conventionalist twist. The first case, that is providing unfalsifiable predictions, is exemplified in Poppers view of Astrology. Astrology makes predictions and prophecies in such a vague manner, that it is impossible to falsify their predictions. For example, predicting that today Libras will counter an emotional block in one of their long term goals is not falsifiable: practically any event can be interpreted as an emotional block in a long-term goal. By escaping falsifiability, astrology has in fact prevented itself from reaching scientific status. Poppers second remark on pseudo-sciences, that it is about those which escape falsifiability through ad hoc modifications, has been much more controversial, inspiring much criticism from other philosophers of science. However, before addressing the issue of ad hoc modification, this paper will address the criticisms of falsifiability known as the Duhem-Quine problem and Kuhns problem of incommensurability in order to prove a much needed revision of Poppers falsifiability. The Duhem-Quine problem is a strong criticism of Poppers falsifiability. It was first proposed in Pierre Duhems The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. The Duhem-Quine problem revolves around the idea of holism, which explains that any given system, such as a proposed scientific theory, relies heavily on its components ability to work together as a group. Duhem proposes that the theories of physics cannot be tested in isolation, as the testing theories of physics themselves require the use of auxiliary hypotheses, a stance known today as confirmation holism. This argument can effectively be extrapolated to all the sciences, thus entailing that the testing of scientific theories relies on the use of materials and methods which themselves rely on other theories. For example, when testing a theory that predicts the position of certain stars, one uses a telescope, a tool built on the assumption that our theories on electromagnetic radiation are both correct and accurate. The Duhem-Quin e problem thus proposes that the testing of isolated theories is impossible, a proposition which can be seen as an attack on the use of falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation between scientific and pseudo-scientific theories. The act of falsifying can be understood as comparing a theorys predictions to the results of experimentation. If the theorys predictions are found to be different from the experimentation results, the theory is falsified. This is problematic for subscribers to confirmation holism who accept the fact that falsifying a theory can only establish that there is an error in either the theory or our background assumptions, and not where, or even what, the error is. Therefore, if it is assumed that the testing of any theory relies on many different background theories, all scientific theories could escape falsification by simply transferring the error to its background theories. Referring back to the telescope example, if a theory inaccurately predicted the position of Pluto, this theory could escape falsification simply by stating that the error lies not in its prediction but within the theory of electromagnetic radiation. This is problematic for Poppers use of falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation as the falsification of an isolated scientific theory would be impossible. This, in turn, would mean that the testing of theories, scientific or pseudo-scientific, holds the inherent characteristic of escaping falsification, making falsification an impossible criterion of demarcation. To answer the Duhem-Quine problem, Poppers use of falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation must be revised. It must be conceded that the process of testing a scientific theory in isolation is unfeasible, as our methods of testing themselves rely on background assumptions. Yet, it does not make falsifiability obsolete as a criterion of demarcation, just more exhaustive. Unlike as Popper had suggested, it is not sufficient for a theory to be falsifiable for it to be scientific. All isolated theories, scientific or pseudo-scientific, attempt to escape falsification by pegging the source of error on the background assumptions of testing. Moreover, it is not adequate to propose that all background assumptions upon which the testing of a theory is based must also be falsifiable in order for that theory to be scientific, as this would be too restricting. Every theory is built upon an infinite number of assumptions, a problem analogous to underdeterminism, and inevitably all theories wou ld be pseudo-scientific. For example, the testing of Newtons laws of motions is based on the unfalsifiable assumption that the human observation of motion is accurate. It is for this reason that I believe scientific theories must not be viewed as isolated propositions, but rather as part of a scientific system which requires the provision of at least one falsifiable method of testing. This is a criterion which the pseudo-science of astrology, for example, fails to meet, as astrology provides no falsifiable method of testing its predictions, while Newtons laws provide falsifiable equations (ex: F=ma) as a method of testing its predictions. It is thus concluded that only scientific systems are falsifiable. Another criticism of Poppers falsifiability has been the argument that falsification does not produce an accurate picture of science, that falsificationist methodologies incorrectly depict science as a sort of pyramid of knowledge, where scientific knowledge is accumulated over time (brick by brick) to provide an ever-progressing image of how the universe works (the pyramid itself). This view of science, heavily endorsed by Karl Popper, is the subject of criticism in Thomas Kuhns book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, where the l[?] problem of incommensurability is introduced. Thomas Kuhn argues that science, as a historical discipline, is in reality not an accumulation of knowledge, but rather a collection of normal science and scientific revolutions. In order to fully appreciate Kuhns argument, it must first be understood what Kuhn meant by paradigm. For Kuhn, a paradigm stands for the entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and so on shared by the members of a given community (Kuhn 175) in this case, the scientific community. Kuhn defines normal science as the period where scientists methodologies and goals are unified within a paradigm; Aristotelian physics would, for example, be a period of normal science where scientists agreed on sciences goal and methodology. Establishing this, Kuhn then proceeds to label science-as-accumulation as a myth. It is argued that different periods of normal science are incommensurable: they cannot understand each other methodologies, goals, taxonomy, etc. and as such, science cannot be seen as progressive di scipline, seeing that its history is simply a collection of different methods, goals and values which have irrationally changed over time. [Scientists] neither test nor seek to confirm the guiding theories of their paradigm (Bjà ¸rhusda) but simply adhere to the rules of science within their paradigm. If this view is accepted, it must be concluded that falsification could not demarcate science from other disciplines, such as the pseudo-sciences, as science is seen not as a discipline requiring falsifiability, but rather a discipline which solely adheres to ever-changing regulations, goals and methodologies. This problem of incommensurability across different paradigms poses a serious problem to Poppers use of falsifiability as criterion of demarcation, although it might not be seen at first. If it is accepted that the goals, regulations and methods of science are ever-changing, falsifiability cannot be viewed as a fixed requirement of science, much less a criterion of demarcation. After all, how could falsifiability provide us with an accurate picture of science if scientific theories do not hold permanently the unchanging desire to be falsifiable? Once again, a revision of Poppers use of falsificationism as a criterion of demarcation is needed. Although I do recognize that the history of science is, to a certain degree, a collection of incommensurable paradigms, I do not believe that the history of science is a correct representation of science as a discipline. I would argue that science is in reality a normative concept, and more of a goal than a historical accumulation of theories. Many philosophers of science, such as Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn and even Imre Lakatos all mistakenly believed that the history of science and science itself are identical concepts, although in my opinion, the history of science is most accurately described by Imre Lakatos. Imre Lakatos argued that, much like Kuhn, scientists did not produce single, isolated theories throughout time, but rather worked within research programs (a concept very similar to Kuhns paradigms). In an attempt to reconcile Poppers falsificationist approach to science with Kuhns incommensurability, Lakatos argued that the history of science was actually the process of falsifying research programmes. In this view, the problem of incommensurability is rendered insignificant, as research programmes (which are substantially equivalent to paradigms) are not required to be commensurable, as each is falsified along the way. This provides a vision of the history of science as an accumulation of falsifiable knowledge. Nev ertheless, ad hoc modifications were observed by Lakatos as being a part of the history of science, and inadvertently attributed to science itself. Although Lakatos history of science approach is eloquent, it is incorrect in assuming that since ad hoc modifications are present in the history of science then ad hoc modifications must be a part of science itself. Ad hoc modifications are undoubtedly a part of the history of science, but they are not part of science as a discipline as they do not conform to sciences normative goals. To illustrate this point, Einsteins formulation of the cosmological constant may be used as an example. In order to justify his Theory of General Relativity, Einstein required a static universe one that [would] stand(s) still and (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) not collapse under the force of gravity in a big crunch (Texas AM University). In order to support this claim, Einstein proposed an ad hoc modification, his cosmological constant, a move he later recalled as his greatest blunder. It is here that the distinction between the history of science and science as a discipline can be seen. In truth, over the course o f history, scientists like Albert Einstein have practiced science in many different ways. They have used ad hoc modification to support their theories, a mistake which has been practiced by scientists and pseudo-scientists alike. But science as a discipline is separate from its history, as it is a normative goal which has employed the use of scientific systems, that is, of falsifiable theories and testing methods, in order to gain valuable inductive knowledge about the universe around us, something that pseudo-sciences have not. To conclude, Poppers falsifiability, although convincing, requires [considerable] revision in order to be used as a criterion of demarcation. Indeed, it should be understood that science is a normative discipline where falsifiability is required and where planned modifications take precedence over ad hoc modifications, unlike pseudo-science which satisfies itself in confirming predictions. It should also be understood that this paper does not provide a complete description of science, as many questions remain. Perhaps the most glaring, which was not discussed in this paper due to length constraints, is the problem of how to falsify statements such as all metals conduct electricity, a problem posed by Carl Hempel. Finally, although falsifiability is a requirement of science, it is simply one criterion in a whole set of criteria which distinguish the discipline of science from pseudo-science in a normative attempt to create knowledge through falsifiable scientific systems.

An Overview of Peace and Conflict

AN OVERVIEW OF PEACE AND CONFLICT DEFINITIONS: Peace is often seen as the converse of war. i. e. peace and war as two sides of the same coin. Hence the definition of peace as the absence of war, and that of war as the absence of peace The problem with this definition is that it does not explain everything about peace and war For example even in situations of war, some conditions of peace still prevail. E. g. in spite the long years of hostilities between the Israelis and Palestinians, both have been able to reach a peaceful agreement on the use of their water resources.Secondly, the definition does not take into account the issue of structural violence, in the words of John Galtung. According to Galtung, war represents only one form of violence, which is physical, open and direct. The others form of violence has to do with social conditions of life. This consists of †¢Poverty †¢Exclusion †¢Intimidation †¢Oppression †¢Want †¢Fear and †¢Other forms of psychological pressure So from this analysis, it is possible not to have peace even where there is no war.This is the situation in countries where there is acute poverty, police brutality, oppression of the poor by the rich, use of power to intimidate people by those in power. Even where there is no war in such societies, they may not experience peace (Ibeanu) OTHER VIEW OF CONFLICT: †¢Conflict as the pursuit of incompatible interests and goals by different groups †¢Conflict occurs as a struggle over values. The values may be in terms of physical of material possessions or resources, status or power. (Louise Coser) †¢Central to conflict is the issue of perception.When one party perceives the action of another as preventing or blocking the attainment of a goal, conflict is said to occur. Therefore the two ingredients necessary for conflict to occur are: ? Perceived goal incompatibility ?Perceived opportunity for interference or blocking. In other words, conflict occur s when an intended action is perceived to be inimical or detrimental to the realization of one’s objective Generally perception is a product of man’s physiological, cognitive and cultural dispositions which of course differ from person to persons, and from one environment to another.Therefore, we can say that conflict is inevitable to the extent that it is fundamental to the existence of any institution, body or society It is inevitable because human beings are naturally different from one another in their attitude, perception and orientation. But conflicts could be destructive if not properly handled. Hence we often sat that the way and manner conflicts are resolved differentiates one organization or society from another. VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE †¢To the Instrumentalists: Peace is a means to an end. Here the absence of war serves the objective of social progress and development.In other words, where there is peace, society will experience positive transforma tion in all facets of life. 2. TO THE FUNCTIONALISTS: Peace has a social function of integration and order. That peace is fundamental if society is to function properly. If not the social and political system will experience stress, and then brake down. 3. TO THE PHILOSOPHERS: Many philosophers interpret peace as a natural, original, God-given state of human existence. i. e. , the pre-corruption state of man in society, as God established it. This is the God’s created state of perfection.EXAMPLES OF PHILOSOPHERS †¢St. Augustine of Hippo: He distinguished between â€Å"two cities†, namely; The city of God, founded on perfect heavenly peace and spiritual salvation; and the Earthly city of man, founded on acquisition and possessive mentality of man, but corrupt and always in conflict. †¢John Rousseau: He sees from the angle of a state of nature, the original state of existence of man where there are no desires, where men were naturally good, free and enjoy tranq uility. But this atmosphere was corrupted by human desire and greed for private property †¢THOMAS HOBBESHis argument was that peace is a product of the state of nature where life was poor nasty, brutish and short, and where society was in a state of perpetual war. For men to overcome this sorry state, they resolved to establish a social contract in which each gave up his/her right to self defiance to powerful force (what he called the leviathan) above all to which all were subject, thus creating a more peaceful and orderly life †¢THE HEDONISTS AND UTILITARIANS Argue that human beings naturally seek happiness and avoid pain, and consequently prefer peace to war and violence. PLATO: He addresses the social context of peace. He sees justice as the most fundamental basis of ordered social life. For him, justice is the basis of peaceful social life. Justice is given to each his or her live. Plato defines society in terms of three classes of people: – Workers – eng aged in production – men of appetite – Soldiers – defend the society – men of courage -Rulers – Govern the society – Men of Knowledge Each must operate within his area of competence, and where this does not operate, he sees injustice †¢SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE The Sociologist also addresses the social context of peace †¢The Sociologist sees peace as a condition of social harmony, the absence of social antagonisms †¢Peace to the sociologist, is a condition in which there is no social conflict and individuals and groups are able to meet their needs and expectations This is achieved through the establishment of structures to perform certain basic functions of society; for example a society must service, it must educate it citizens, produce goods government and its often provide security for its members.To achieve these structures such as schools, industries, parliaments, courts and armed forces are established. †¢Th erefore to the sociologists, peace is achieved where these structures perform their functions adequately †¢TO THE MARXISTS: †¢Conflict is a product of dialectical materialism †¢It is a product of the structure of rewards in the society †¢It is a reflection of the nature of class and class struggle †¢This breeds a struggle for the control of the means of production in the society †¢The result of the attendant inequality is in two folds; Violence perpetrated by the upper class on the oppressed – Violence engineered by the oppressed against the ruling class – revolutionary violence. Hence the phrase â€Å"Those who make peaceful change impossible make violent change inevitable† †¢Political Perspective of Peace †¢Politically peace is synonymous with political order when the political structures are stable, we talk of peace in the society: †¢Peace is also seen as a political condition that makes justice possible. The colap se of the political structures lead men to seek other route to enforce their will. These may be in the form of Mob action, demonstration, strikes or even military coups To ensure peace therefore the political structures must be stable and effective to extent that they perform their role. Politically, these must guarantee citizens participation in the political process; ensures tolerance of opposing views; and encourage bargaining and negotiation.Also politically speaking, peace suggests that government does not rely on coercion and the instruments of force (such as army, police) in dealing with citizens Instead people willingly accept and obey the dictates of government Peace in this sense connotes mutual consent and agreement to respect the rules governing a society whether locally or internationally. But the question is whose order? Must every political order be sustained just to ensure peace (e. g. The Nazis, Mobutus, Abacha)

Incumbents and Their Re-election Essay

Statistical research suggests that in 1998 a total of 395 Representatives and 26 Senators were reelected (U. S. Census, 2000). Since the middle of the 20th century and up to the present time, the process of re-electing incumbents has turned into one of the major political trends. The more incumbents sought to reestablish themselves in political office, the more concerned political scholars became about the causes and factors of such political advantage. The current state of political research suggests that a whole set of factors predetermines incumbents’ continuous political success, with access to media and excessive financial resources being the most important elements of political fight. True, those trying to become the members of political office for the first time often lack sufficient political opportunities, compared to resources, which incumbents can access and use in their election campaigns. Reelection of incumbents has already turned into the major political trend in the U. S. , and there are several reasons for that. To begin with, incumbents are frequently referred to as â€Å"the perks of Office†; in other words, all Congress members are given enough material and nonmaterial resources to hire professional staff, whose primary responsibility is to turn their Congress employers into well-represented, widely recognized and well-liked political figures (McKay 140). For example, incumbents can send postage-free letters to their constituents, and can use these as a part of their promotional political campaigns (McKay 140). These are just some out of many benefits which Congress members are being granted by the state. Time is just another component of incumbents’ success in Congress. It should be noted, that Congress is incumbents’ full-time job, and meeting voters, resolving local issues, and participating in public events and television shows are what they are being paid for. It appears that for many potential candidates to run for office and to try to combat an existing Congress member would mean to face the lack of media and financial resources, which for the current Congress members are available on a regular basis (McKay 147). Certainly, all these benefits would be irrelevant and unimportant if not for the image promotion and visibility of all Congress members. It is difficult to deny the fact that â€Å"sitting members of Congress are almost universally recognized in their districts† (Cusdi). This visibility is the direct result of one’s running for office, and after having served two or more years for Congress, its members become widely recognized and accepted among their constituents; and voters are more likely to give their vote to those whom they already know for their Congressional achievements than those, who just start their political career. It should also be noted, that such political visibility is directly associated with incumbents’ ability to organize their promotional campaigns. Having won at least one election campaign, an incumbent is more prepared to face the major political and organizational challenges than his (her) political opponents (McKay 152). Finally, these are financial resources that predetermine incumbents’ political successes. McKay writes that â€Å"for both senators and representatives, money has become a crucial resource in congressional elections. With voters acting in response to the appeal of individual candidates rather than to parties, both incumbents and challengers must ensure that the voters know who they are and what their record is† (169). It appears that in terms of money, incumbents also have significant comparative advantage over political outsiders. Average financial resources available to incumbents are 2-3 times higher than those available to challengers, which makes it impossible for the latter to develop well-grounded media campaigns. For example, in 2002 many Republican incumbents took advantage of â€Å"fundraising visits by President Bush during the 2002 election cycle† (Smith, Roberts & Wielen 74). As a result, incumbents have much more chances to win elections for the second time, and will hardly give their position away to political outsiders. Conclusion A whole set of advantages works to provide incumbents with an opportunity to be reelected. Time, visibility, access to media, and excessive financial resources – all these factors make incumbents less vulnerable to political changes and give them a kind of comparative advantage over political challengers. On the one hand, these advantages seem to make elections unfair, but on the other hand, political outsiders have to develop convincing argumentation that would persuade constituents to change their political commitments, and to give a political beginner a unique chance to run for office.

Rousseau Versus Mill - 1844 Words

The term civil or social liberties is one that garners a lot of attention and focus from both Rousseau and Mill, although they tackle the subject from slightly different angles. Rousseau believes that the fundamental problem facing people s capacity to leave the state of nature and enter a society in which their liberty is protected is the ability to find a form of association that defends and protects the person and goods of each associate with all the common force, and by means of which each one, uniting with all, nevertheless obeys only himself and remains as free as before (Rousseau 53). Man is forced to leave the state of nature because their resistance to the obstacles faced is beginning to fail (Rousseau 52). Mill does not†¦show more content†¦Mill might be tempted to argue that there are aspects of the general will that citizens should be fearful of. One of the forces that Mill identifies as the most stifling towards liberty is the force of the popular opinion. Clear ly, some sort of protection against tyranny of the magistrate is necessary but not enough as there needs protection also against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion feeling; against the tendency of society to impose, by other means than civil penalties, its own ideas and practices (Mill 9). Mill is noticeably placing more emphasis on the individual aspects of freedom as opposed to Rousseau who is more in support of a freedom that only can only be attained through the forfeiting of some these individual liberties in order to become a part of the collective and achieve his version of civil freedom, the most important of all liberties. Diversity of opinions is a highly valued societal good for Mill and he believes this to be an important path to revealing the truths and securing liberty. In ensuring people will enjoy the liberty they deserve, Mill leaves a lot more room for government intervention than Rousseau does in his version of the best society. This can be mainly attributed to the fact that Rousseau seems to have more faith in people and sees them as inherently good as their only source of evil was the corrupting forces of theShow MoreRelatedThe Value Of Liberty ; Rousseau Vs. Mill1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Liberty; Rousseau v. Mill The views and conceptions of what liberty is have continued to change over time as society changes. Freedom is defined as the right to do â€Å"act, think, and speak as one wants† without anyone or anything infringing on that right, but there exists types of freedoms or liberties. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Stuart Mill, and Thomas Jefferson all give their conceptions of what liberty is and while all of them believe government should not have so muchRead MoreThe Philosophical Conflict between Freedom and Authority1286 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿FREEDOM VERSUS AUTHORITY Introduction One of the most fundamental philosophical conundrums in the relationship between individual human beings and society is the inherent conceptual conflict between the autonomy of the individual and the authority of the state. Absolute freedom of the individual precludes any exercise of state authority; but some degree of state authority is necessary to ensure and protect the autonomous rights of individuals from being infringed upon by the exercise of theRead MoreRousseau s Views On Freedom Of The Individual3158 Words   |  13 Pagescalled â€Å"On Liberty†. All of these works are still read today and taught in schools around the world. In particular, their ideas on freedom and liberty have drawn a considerable amount of attention. For instance, Rousseau is well known for his idea of â€Å"forcing citizens to be free†, while Mill claims that freedom can be found in â€Å"pursing our own good in our own way†. Therefore, it is evident that fundamental differences occur between Rousseau’s and Mill’s ideas on liberty and freedom. Rousseau’s rejectsRead MoreWhat Is Economic Freedom?1509 Words   |  7 Pageswhich later turned into war. Two most prominent opposite sides of the coin were capitalism and socialism. The capitalism end of the pole was dominated by the common ideology shared by great philosophers and economists such as Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Ludwig van Mises, Friedrich A.Hayek, Milton Freedman and Murray Rothboard. Their version advocated an economic system based on free market and private property or what one might call economic freedom. Adam Smith being the pioneer of his economic systemRead MoreMartin Luther King s Letter From The Birmingham Jail1710 Words   |  7 Pagestheir oppressors and thus restore individual civil rights. Laws that impede these rights are unjust according to King. An unjust law is an immoral law. King uses religious reasoning as well as objective reasoning in order to determine what is just versus unjust. In terms of religion, an unjust law is a law that corrupts the soul by preventing people from feeling as equals and thus goes against the religious idea that all people are equal under god. In terms of objective reasoning, an unjust law isRead MoreEssay on John Lockes Lasting Impact on Society1840 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding thinking where Locke ranked highly the actions deriving from such understanding (Haumesser 40). Furthermore, Locke’s profound analysis on sources of knowledge contributed to today’s psychological analysis of the unsolved dilemma of nature versus nurture while significantly shaping the foundation of modern psychology. As Locke introduced empiricism in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he was an important figure of Enlightenment to foster and alternate the schools of thinking in manyRead MoreAutonomy: A Concept Analysis1864 Words   |  8 Pagesautonomy described the government as self-ruling and not app lied individually to people themselves. Piper (n.d.) also discusses the philosophical history of autonomy through Rousseau as to obey the laws of one-self; Kant built onto Rousseau’s logic with the moralistic value of autonomy. Piper (n.d.) also presents John Stuart Mills as a major contributor to the concept of autonomy through his work on self-determination. Philosophers and many great thinkers of the past have added to and inspired moreRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pagesfor his labor  in producing them, his risque of reputation  in offering them to the Public. 2. Historical Overview There are extensive discussions of property in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, Hegel, Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Marx, and Mill. The range of justificatory themes they consider is very broad, and I shall begin with a summary. The ancient authors speculated about the relation between property and virtue, a natural subject for discussion since justifying private property raisesRead MoreManagers’ Role in Implementing Organizational Change: Case of the Restaurant Industry in Melbourne5116 Words   |  21 Pageschange. Obviously being viewed as adversarial and detrimental, resistance to change has gained a negative connotation (Waddell and Sohal, 1998) that allegedly confounded the problem of effecting change by promulgating a dichotomous thinking of labour versus management (Dent and Goldberg, 1999). Recently, an appreciation of resistance to change from a more pluralistic employee-centred perspective and its role in organizational change (Waddell and Sohal, 1998) has lead to the resistance to change interpretationRead More The Database Dilemma Essay3843 Words   |  16 Pagescosts. In addition to finding low prices and free shipping, customers can do their shopping from the comfort of their own home s. As a result, in the week ending November 17th last holiday season, 9.2 million Internet users bought online, up 36 percent versus the same week last year. 2 With so many customers buying online, one can only imagine the amount of data that can be gathered about consumer shopping habits. Although many of the new methods for how we spend money makes life easier, there is a